ALL ABOUT ALCOHOL & CAFFEINE – PART 9
ALL ABOUT ALCOHOL & CAFFEINE – PART 9
IS EVERYBODY DOING IT?
If you watch TV, you’d be forgiven for thinking that everybody drinks alcohol, and that they do so often.
In fact, globally, about 45% of people never drink alcohol.2
In Australia, about one in ten people never drink alcohol, and around one person out of every six drinks rarely—once a year or less.
Only 8% of Australians drink daily.3
In Great Britain, 15% of adults have never drunk alcohol, and 20% of 16–24 year olds do not drink at all.4
Despite these figures, many Western cultures are grappling with the problem of alcohol.
THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM
According to the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) in Australia, alcohol is responsible for a considerable burden of death, disease and injury that is not limited to the drinkers themselves.
Families, innocent bystanders, and the general community also suffer.5
PHYSICAL IMPACTS—SHORT TERM
Alcohol has obvious, fairly immediate impacts on the human brain. It is a central nervous system depressant, working quickly to create a relaxed state, as well as loss of inhibitions.6,7
As alcohol continues to slow down brain function, effects include loss of balance, difficulty walking, blurred vision, slurred speech, slowed reaction times, and impaired memory.8-10
Alcohol also irritates the stomach,11 resulting in nausea and vomiting, made potentially fatal by the fact that the gag reflex is inhibited by alcohol.
Through its impact on the nervous system, alcohol can inhibit both breathing and heartbeat,12,13 and can reduce the body’s core temperature, resulting in hypothermia.14
Decreased blood sugar levels can also result from alcohol consumption, potentially leading to seizures.15
Alcohol inhibits the anti-diuretic hormone—the hormone that reduces urination if you are becoming dehydrated.16
The result is unchecked urination, leading to dehydration that also contributes to a hangover.17
A large or very quick intake of alcohol can result in a blackout—a period of time for which the intoxicated person cannot recall key details of events, or even entire events, and during which they may engage in dangerous or risky behaviour such as crime, violence, driving or unsafe sex.18,19
Disturbingly, alcohol related hospital admissions are gradually rising in Australia.
During 2011/12 in Australia, more than 67,000 people were admitted to hospital for alcohol related ailments.20
While the number of emergency department presentations caused by alcohol is unknown, it is likely to account for a large proportion of all presentations.21-23
Alcohol accounts for 13 per cent of all deaths among 14–17-year-old Australians – it has been estimated that one Australian teenager dies and more than 60 are hospitalised each week from alcohol-related causes.24
PHYSICAL IMPACTS—LONG TERM
In Australia, alcohol is second only to tobacco as a preventable cause of drug-related death and hospitalisation.25,26
Alcohol consumption has been associated with a range of diseases that may cause death or reduce quality of life.
These include:
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Alcohol can contribute to high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke and other circulatory problems.27-29
While there is some evidence that moderate alcohol consumption may protect against cardiovascular disease, this does not apply to all groups or ages, and has been overstated.30,31
Further, the potential cardiovascular benefits from alcohol can also be gained in other ways, such as exercising and eating well.32-34
The National Heart Foundation in Australia, as well as other health authorities, have clearly stated that they do not recommend drinking alcohol as a way of protecting against heart disease.3,35
CANCERS
Alcohol is carcinogenic (cancer-causing) to humans, and is known to increase the risk of cancers of the mouth, throat, voice box, oesophagus, liver, colorectum (bowel) and breast.36
According to the Cancer Council of Australia, there is no known safe amount of alcohol.
Any amount you drink increases your risk of cancer.37,38
When you drink, the alcohol in your body is converted into a toxic chemical called acetaldehyde.1
Research suggests that this can damage your DNA and stop your cells from repairing that damage, which can lead to cancer.39
In Australia, 5% of all cancers are caused by alcohol, including 1 in 5 breast cancers.40
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY
Alcohol adds kilojoules to the normal diet, and may cause people to eat more than usual by stimulating appetite.41
Alcohol also increases fat storage by reducing the amount of fat your body burns for energy.
Because we can’t store alcohol in the body, our systems want to get rid of it as quickly as possible, and this process takes priority over metabolising other nutrients and burning fat.1
For many people, alcohol is a key contributor to excess body weight.42
RISKS TO UNBORN BABIES
Alcohol enters the bloodstream of the foetus when the mother drinks, and can cause a range of birth defects as well as growth, developmental, behavioural
and learning problems (Foetal Alcohol Syndrome), which may persist into adulthood.43
Children with Foetal Alcohol Syndrome have smaller brains.44
They may also have fewer brain cells, or fewer cells that are able to function correctly.45
Miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth and small birth weight are all associated with a mother’s drinking during pregnancy.46
Alcohol can have a particularly damaging effect on the baby in the very early stages of pregnancy—before the woman even knows she’s pregnant.47 Alcohol also enters the breast milk.48
LIVER DISEASES
In Australia alcohol consumption is the most common cause of cirrhosis of the liver.3,49
For women, studies have shown that drinking one glass of alcohol per day is associated with a significantly elevated risk.49
Once there are any signs of liver problems, no matter from what cause, it is recommended to abstain from any kind of consumption.49
DEPENDENCE
Alcohol is an addictive drug and regular use can result in alcohol dependence.50
In Australia, around 7% of people are dependent on alcohol, with men being at higher risk than women of developing an alcohol-use disorder.51
LONG-TERM COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
Alcohol is a neurotoxin, which means it can poison the brain. This is particularly significant for the developing brains of young people.52
Drinkers who consume alcohol at harmful levels have structural and metabolic brain changes, and have an increased risk of dementia.53
OTHER CONDITIONS
Alcohol can also contribute to infertility,54 osteoporosis,55 and pancreatitis.56
MENTAL IMPACTS
There is some evidence that alcohol increases the risk of highly prevalent mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety.57,58
Additionally, a high level of drinking is a major risk factor for suicide and suicidal behaviour in both males and females in all age groups.59,60
Research shows that on average 37% of suicides involved acute alcohol use.61
SOCIAL IMPACT
RESPONSIBLE DRINKING
Government bodies around the world advocate a variety of approaches to ensure people drink responsibly and safely.
In Australia these include:3
• limiting the amount of alcohol consumed (e.g. no more than two standard drinks per day)
• preventing the consumption of alcohol by children and young people
• not drinking and driving
• not drinking while pregnant or breastfeeding
Some families believe that by allowing their children to drink at the family dinner table—as is done in many Mediterranean countries—they are introducing them to alcohol in a responsible setting where they can learn to drink sensibly.
This is not thought to work in the Australian context because of the heavy drinking culture that exists.3
Evidence suggests that the younger a person begins drinking—no matter what the context—the more likely they are to become alcohol-dependent.71
ANOTHER OPTION
For many people, abstinence is the pathway of choice.2
This may be for health reasons— especially those genetically prone to alcoholism or at risk of illnesses such as heart disease or cancer.
It is worth remembering that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption—consuming any amount of this toxin increases the risk of cancer.
It is also worth remembering that a variety of health authorities clearly state that the potential benefits of drinking alcohol are far outweighed by the potential damage, and that non-drinkers should not start drinking purely to obtain those potential benefits.
Some people choose abstinence in order to avoid the short- term effects of alcohol, such as loss of control and hangovers, while others choose abstinence as a response to the significant social impacts of alcohol.
Could abstinence be the best option for you?
WHAT ABOUT CAFFEINE?
HERE ARE SOME GOOD THINGS CAFFEINE DOES
Caffeine helps people feel more alert and energised for some hours after consumption.81,82
That’s the main reason for its popularity.
Studies show it improves performance on mental speed-related tasks, but not on complex reasoning tasks.83,84
Large amounts of caffeine (equivalent to 6–9 cups of coffee) may improve muscle performance in activities like running and cycling.85
Caffeine also increases the flow of blood gases through the lungs, and improves respiratory muscle strength.
Because of this, it’s being used to treat breathing problems in some premature babies.86,87
AND THE BAD. . .
Caffeine constricts the blood vessels in the brain,88 and can increase blood pressure.89
Due to its diuretic effect, and subsequent calcium loss,90 there is some evidence that caffeine may increase the risk of osteoporosis.91
It can play havoc with sleep,92,93 and can produce tremors due to over-stimulation of the central nervous system.94
In some people, caffeine has also been shown to increase levels of anxiety.95.51
Caffeine consumption can significantly reduce a woman’s ability to fall pregnant,96 and some evidence suggests that drinking coffee or cola while pregnant may result in low birth weight,97 and impaired development.98
Although uncommon, newborns can experience caffeine withdrawal and suffer irritability and restlessness, sweating, crying and difficulty sleeping.99,100
Caffeine is a key social drug, and is considered to be the most widely used central nervous system stimulant in the world.
While it doesn’t create the levels of injury seen with alcohol, many people choose to eliminate caffeine from their lives to avoid the side effects, and to experience drug-free, vibrant living.
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